Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Short communication
Austral J. Vet. Sci.
Vol 53, 115-120 (2021)
DOI: 10.4067/S0719-81322021000200115

Is the effectivity of copper ions treatment of milk enough to block Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in calves?

1 Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
2 Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
3 Prolesur, Osorno, Chile
Keywords: MAP milk treatment copper calves infection control

Submitted: 2020-10-02

Accepted: 2021-01-26

Published: 2021-05-01

*Corresponding author:
miguelsalgado@uach.cl

How to Cite

Steuer, P. N., Tejeda, C., Moroni, M., Soto, J. P., & Salgado, M. A. (2021). Is the effectivity of copper ions treatment of milk enough to block Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in calves?. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-81322021000200115

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Pamela N. Steuer, Carlos Tejeda, Manuel Moroni, Juan P. Soto, Miguel A. Salgado

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Milk is an important transmission route of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) for dairy calves. Given its resistance to pasteurization, alternative milk treatments are needed to control MAP transmission via milk. The present study reports the evaluation of a novel milk decontamination treatment based on copper ions as a means of preventing infection in dairy calves. Ten newborn calves were assigned to one of two experimental groups (n=5) which were studied for 1 year. The first group was fed milk naturally contaminated with MAP and the second one received the same milk but after being treated with copper ions. In both groups, milk MAP load was estimated. The progression of the infection was monitored monthly and at the end of the study, calves were euthanised, and tissue samples were examined both grossly and by histopathology. The treatment of milk with copper ions significantly reduced the number of viable MAP. Faecal shedding of MAP was observed in both study groups, but the calves fed naturally contaminated milk began to shed MAP earlier. Only calves fed copper-treated milk showed histopathological evidence consistent with MAP infection. The latter offers more questions than answers, and maybe the presence of a more tolerant and virulent MAP strain could be the final answer to this situation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Albright JL, Fulwider WK. 2007. Dairy cattle behaviour, facilities, handling, transportation, automation and well-being. In: Grandin T (ed). Livestock handling and transport. CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
  2. Beceiro A, Tomás M, Bou G. 2013. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world? Clin Microbiol Rev 26, 185-230.
  3. Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. 2012. Crohn’s disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later: causation or simple association? Crit Rev Microbiol 38, 52-93.
  4. Corbett C, de Jong M, Orsel K, De Buck J, Barkema HW. 2019. Quantifying transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis among group-housed dairy calves. Vet Res 50, 60.
  5. Dzieciol M, Volgger P, Khol J, Baumgartner W, Wagner M, et al. 2010. A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection and quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk with the inherent possibility of differentiation between viable and dead cells. BMC Res Notes 3, 251.
  6. Faúndez G, Troncoso M, Navarrete P, Figueroa G. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against suspensions of Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni. BMC Microbiol 4, 19.
  7. Grant IR, Ball HJ, Neill SD, Rowe MT. 1996. Inactivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cows’ milk at pasteurization temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 62, 2631-2636.
  8. Grant IR, Williams AG, Rowe MT, Muir DD. 2005. Efficacy of various pasteurization time-temperature conditions in combination with homogenization on inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 2853-2861.
  9. Grant IR, Foddai A, Tarrant J, Kunkel B, Hartmann FA, et al. 2017. Viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis isolated from calf milk replacer. J Dairy Sci 100, 9723-9735.
  10. Greig A, Stevenson K, Henderson D, Perez V, Hughes V, et al. 1993. Epidemiological study of paratuberculosis in wild rabbits in Scotland. J Clin Microbiol 37, 1746-1751.
  11. Harris NB, Barletta RG. 2001. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev 14, 489-512. Manning EJ, Collins MT. 2001. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: pathogen, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Rev Sci Tech Int Off Epi 20, 133-150.
  12. Mehtar S, Wiid I, Todorov SD. 2008. The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys against nosocomial pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from healthcare facilities in the Western Cape: an in vitro study. J Hosp Infect 68, 45-51.
  13. Mitchell RM, Medley GF, Collins MT, Schukken YH. 2012. A metaanalysis of the effect of dose and age at exposure on shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in experimentally infected calves and cows. Epidemiol Infect 140, 231-246.
  14. Mortier R, H Barkema, K Orsel, R Wolf, J De Buck. 2014. Shedding patterns of dairy calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 45, 71, 1-9.
  15. Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW. 2006ª. Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect 63, 289-297.
  16. Noyce JO, Michels H, Keevil CW. 2006b. Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 4239-4244.
  17. Salgado M, Alfaro M, Salazar F, Troncoso E, Mitchell RM, et al. 2013. Effect of soil slope on appearance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in water running off grassland soil after contaminated slurry application. Appl Environ Microbiol 79, 3544-3552.
  18. Steuer P, Avilez C, Tejeda C, González N, Ramírez-Revecco A, et al. 2018. In vitro inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by use of copper ions. BMC Microbiol 18, 172.
  19. Steuer P, Collado B, Avilez C, Tejeda C, Soto JP, et al. 2019. Is the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection through milk intended to feed calves an overlooked item in paratuberculosis control programs? Trop Anim Health Prod 52, 89-94.
  20. Steuer P, Tejeda C, Martinez O, Ramirez-Reveco A, González N, et al. 2020. Effectiveness of copper ions against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and bacterial communities in naturally contaminated raw cow’s milk. J Appl Microbiol, doi:10.1111/ jam.14923.
  21. Stull C, Reynolds J. 2008. Calf welfare. Vet Clin Food Anim 24, 191-203.
  22. Sweeney RW. 1996. Transmission of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin Food Anim 12, 305-312.
  23. Sweeney RW. 2011. Pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin Food Anim 27, 537-546.
  24. Warnes SL, Green SM, Michels HT, Keevil CW. 2010. Biocidal efficacy of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves degradation of genomic and plasmid DNAs. Appl Environ Microbiol 76, 5390-5401.
  25. Weaver L, Noyce JO, Michels HT, Keevil CW. 2010. Potential action of copper surfaces on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 109, 2200-2205.
  26. Whan LB, Grant IR, Ball HJ, Scott R, Rowe MT. 2001. Bactericidal effect of chlorine on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in drinking water. Lett Appl Microbiol 33, 227-231.
  27. Wilks SA, Michels H, Keevil CW. 2005. Survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 105, 445-454.
  28. Windsor PA, Whittington RJ. 2010. Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to Johne’s disease. Vet J 184, 37-44.
  29. Wolschendorf F, Ackart D, Shrestha T, Hascall-Dove L, Nolan S, et al. 2011. Copper resistance is essential for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PNAS 108, 1621-1626

Make a Submission

Make a Submission

Journal Metrics (2023) & Ranking

Impact Factor
→
0.5 (2024)
5 years Impact Factor
→
0.8
JCR Quartile
→
Q4
JIF Rank
→
134/170 (Veterinary Sciences)
SJR (2024)
→
0.244
SNIP (2024)
→
0.35

 

 

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

Indexed in

Publisher


This journal is published by the Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile

Keywords